高糖抗病稳产甜菜新品种甜研七号的选育

甜研七号系采用选择育种法育成的标准偏高糖型多粒二倍体新品种。１９９１～１９９４年经黑龙江省第丸届甜菜品种区域试验和生产示范试验鉴定，表现抗褐斑病、耐根腐病、根产量稳定，含糖率和产糖士两个目标性状同时接近成达到高糖型和丰产型甜菜新品种标准，明显优于统一对照（甜研３０１）品种和当地推广品种。     

不同生态条件下氮磷钾配施对强筋小麦陕253品质的影响

以优质强筋小麦品种陕253为材料．在不同生态条件下．研究了不同N、P、K配置施肥对籽粒蛋白质含量、吸水率、硬度、容重、湿面筋、沉淀值、出粉率、稳定时间和降落值9个主要品质指标的影响。结果表明，在不同N、P、K肥配置处理后籽粒蛋白质含量、吸水率、硬度、容重、湿面筋、沉淀值和出粉率变化不大，但不同生态环境条件对其影响明显，降落值受N、P、K配置和生态环境条件共同影响，稳定时间对N、P、K肥料配置反应比较敏感，以每公顷施N135kg、P2O5 225kg和K2O 120kg处理的稳定时间最长，达24．6min。     

稳定同位素指纹分析在蚕茧产地溯源中的应用研究

蚕茧产地溯源是丝绸原产地溯源的基础。本研究为了探究蚕茧产地溯源最适方法,以不同产地的蚕茧为研究对象,利用不同产区蚕茧的¹³C、¹⁵N、¹⁸O和²H同位素组成,通过单因素方差分析、多重比较分析、Fisher线性判别分析留一法交叉验证,最后建立蚕茧产地溯源模型。单因素方差分析结果表明,不同产地蚕茧的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ¹⁸O和δ²H均存在差异,大部分达到显著水平;多种指标耦合效果优于单一同位素指标,且判别分析结果表明,随着耦合指标的增加,产地初始判别率和交叉判别率逐渐提高;利用δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O、δ¹⁵N和δ²H 4个指标建立的溯源模型的初始判别率为84.5%,交叉判别率为77.6%。本研究结果为蚕茧产地鉴别提供了一定的理论依据,为后续丝绸原产地溯源提供了溯源基础。     

样本预处理方式对罗氏沼虾碳和氮稳定同位素比值检测的影响

为研究样本预处理方式对罗氏沼虾碳和氮稳定同位素比值检测的影响,分别选用3种保存温度(常温23℃/15 d、冷藏2℃/90 d、冷冻-18℃/360 d)、2种取样方式(虾仁取样、整虾取样),以新鲜沼虾样本为对照组,对比不同样本预处理方式对罗氏沼虾碳稳定同位素比值(δ¹³C)、氮稳定同位素比值(δ¹⁵N)、碳氮比(C/N)的影响。结果表明,不同保存温度和不同取样方式对罗氏沼虾δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、C/N的影响明显。与对照组相比,常温保存条件下的δ¹⁵N偏移量最大(1.31‰~13.16‰,平均值为6.02‰),冷冻保存条件下的δ¹³C偏移量最大(2.34‰~2.84‰,平均值为2.57‰),室温保存条件下的C/N显著增加(P<0.05),冷藏和冷冻保存条件下的C/N显著减少(P<0.05)。不同取样方式对罗氏沼虾δ¹⁵N、δ¹³C的影响还取决于保存温度,在冷冻保存条件下,整虾取样的δ¹⁵N、δ¹³C显著高于虾仁取样,而在常温保存条件下,整虾取样的δ¹⁵N偏移量显著低于虾仁取样。因此,常温(23℃)和冷藏(2℃)条件不适合保存罗氏沼虾、冷冻(-18℃)保存罗氏沼虾的时间不宜超过60 d,建议新鲜沼虾采集后应立即干燥并开展碳和氮稳定同位素检测。本研究结果为水产品碳和氮稳定同位素比值检测的样本预处理方式提供了参考。     

Food sources of early colonising arthropods: The importance of allochthonous input

Arthropod predators and detritivores are among the first colonisers on land surfaces undergoing primary succession. In the absence of higher plants and herbivores, they may either have an allochthonous food source (i.e. of geographically distant origin) or local food source that is sustained by e.g. microorganisms. By studying spiders and collembolans on sites along chronosequences on recently emerged nunataks (ice-free land in glacial areas), we analysed whether the food source of early colonisers was of local or distant origin. Also, we measured the potential changes in trophic position with increasing site age. With stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of both spiders and collembolans, we determined that allochthonous food sources are important on the youngest sites. The allochthonous food sources may explain how arthropods can persist in the absence of local primary productivity. Also, some spider species may increase their ability to survive by shifting their trophic position as the community composition changes. The results indicate that a wolf spider species shifted towards a lower trophic level with increasing site age. By contrast, no shifts in trophic position were observed for sheet-web spiders or collembolans.     

辽宁省水稻新品种产量及产量结构与环境效应的方差分析

以辽宁省2004～2005年中晚熟水稻区试参试品种为试材,分析了水稻品种在不同试点的产量和产量结构的差异,方差分析表明:水稻品种产量的变化主要受环境效应影响,年份×地点互作效应是影响产量的主要随机因素。每穴穗数、每穗总粒数、成粒率、千粒重都与产量有显著线性效应,每穴穗数和每穗总粒数对产量的直接作用较大,每穗总粒数通过每穴穗数对产量表现为显著负向作用。     

稻米中同位素与多元素特征及其产地溯源PCA-LDA判别

通过探究谷物中同位素与多元素的地域特色及其产地溯源的可能性,本研究采用稳定同位素质谱和等离子发射光谱质谱法测定稻米中同位素比率和多元素含量,并结合化学计量学中主成分分析(PCA)和线性判别分析(LDA)法建立模型,对不同省份的稻米进行产地溯源判定。结果表明,各地产的稻米中稳定同位素δ15N、δ13C、δD、δ18O数值范围不同,而且Li、Be和Na等其他矿物元素的含量变化较大,Pb、Sr同位素比率也各不相同,具有一定的地域特征。PCA法能够初步辨别各稻米地产,本研究进一步采用PCA-LDA法能够对大区域(黑龙江省、江苏省和辽宁省)的稻米进行产地判别,通过对23个样本进行判别验证,正确率为91%。对于黑龙江省4个地产的稻米样品,由于地理差异性比较小,同时样本数比较少,故只对其中2个产地稻米进行判别。通过同位素比率和多元素的含量的测定再结合化学计量学分析,一定程度上能够区分不同产地的稻米,为稻米产地溯源的可行性提供了方法依据。     

Potential use of rare earth oxides as tracers of organic matter in grassland

Tracing organic matter (OM) in soil is challenging, because runoff and leaching processes are interrelated and have multiple sources. Therefore, multiple tracers with low background concentrations such as rare earth element oxides (REOs) are necessary to delineate the origin of sources of the organic materials in groundwater, rivers or in catchments. The main objective of this study was to examine the potential use of REOs as a tracer in various forms of OM (1) whole slurry, (2) solid, and (3) liquid phase of cattle slurry after mechanical separation. A laboratory experiment was carried out using five REOs (La, Gd, Sm, Pr, and Nd oxides) mixed directly into soil or mixed with various fractions of cattle slurry and then applied to the soil surface. In the additional grassland experiment, Gd oxide was spiked with soil and cattle slurry and then applied to the soil surface. The mineral N in the liquid phase (urine) of the slurry in the grassland experiment was labelled with ¹⁵N urea (16 atom%). In the laboratory experiment, results showed that the five REOs concentration of soil in 0–1 cm soil section after the rainfall simulation was still up to 20 times more than the background values. In 1–2 cm soil section, the concentration of only Gd (two fold higher) and La oxides (50% higher) were significantly higher than the soil background values. Therefore, we hypothesized that Gd and La oxides were associated also with relatively finer organic particles in slurry, thus 1–2 cm soil section were enriched with these oxides. The five REOs concentration below 2 cm soil depth were similar to the background values in all treatments. In line with the laboratory experiment, Gd concentrations in the deeper soil layers (2–4 and 4–8 cm) in the grassland experiment were not significantly affected by any treatment. Both in grassland and laboratory experiment, solid phase of the slurry (dung) was collected from the soil surface after rainfall simulation. Here, about 56% of REOs were measured on the solid phase of the slurry which indicates the strong binding potential of REOs on slurry OM. The present novel study, where REO tagged slurry was uniquely tested to study geochemical cycle of organic fertilizers, clearly highlighted the potential for their use as multiple‐tracers of (animal derived‐) OM in agricultural soils.     

~(15)N同位素标记筛选高固氮大豆种质的研究

田间自然条件下，利用15N稀释标记技术评价19价大豆种质的固氮能力。结果表明，固氮量和固氮比率的变幅分别为N67～140kg／hm2和35％～60％。筛选出3份固氮量超过N130kg／hm2和固氮率大于55％的高固氮种质材料。15N标记可真实地反映出品种的实际固氮水平。